Chapter 3.The Principle of Effective Demand

第３章　効果的需要の原理

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WE need, to start with, a few terms which will be defined precisely later.

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われわれはまずはじめに、いくつかの用語が必要だ。それらは後で正確に定義されるが。

In a given state of technique, resources and costs, the employment of a given volume of labour by an entrepreneur involves him in two kinds of expense:

ある与えられた技術、資源、コストで企業家によって雇われた一定の労働量は２種類の費用をもたらす。

first of all, the amounts which he pays out to the factors of production (exclusive of other entrepreneurs) for their current services, which we shall call the factor cost of the employment in question;

まず第１に、彼らの現在のサービスのために生産の要素に払う量（他の企業家を入れないで）、今問題になっているそれを雇用の要素コストをわれわれは呼ぶだろう。

and secondly, the amounts which he pays out to other entrepreneurs for what he has to purchase from them together with the sacrifice which he incurs by employing the equipment instead of leaving it idle, which we shall call the user cost of the employment in question.[1]

第２に、他の企業家に払う量、これは設備を稼動させることにより招きよせる犠牲とともに購入しなければならない。今問題となっているこれをわれわれは雇用のユーザコストと呼ぶだろう。

ケインズにとっては生産に寄与するすべての行為がemployなんだろう。そしてその１が労働に支払われ、２つめが設備に支払われる。

The excess of the value of the resulting output over the sum of its factor cost and its user cost is the profit or, it we shall call it, the income of the entrepreneur.

結果としての産出の価値が、要素コストとユーザコストの合計を超過した部分、それが利益である。または企業家の収入とわれわれは呼ぶだろう。

この話はわかりやすいが、ケインズはまだ価値についてなにも言っていないので、まだ論理にはならない。

The factor cost is, of course, the same thing, looked at from the point of view of the entrepreneur, as what the factors of production regard as their income.

企業家の視点から見れば、要素コストとは生産の要素が彼らの収入とみなされることと同じである。

この記述から生産(production)が生み出す価値と、産出(output)が生み出したが価値はべつの価値ということか？この言葉の使い分けにも注意が必要と思われる。

Thus the factor cost and the entrepreneur’s profit make up, between them, what we shall define as the total income resulting from the employment given by the entrepreneur.

このように、要素コストと企業家の利益は、それらの間で次のようなもを作り上げる。つまり企業家によって与えられた雇用の結果としての全収入を。

employは面倒なので全部「雇用」と訳す。

The entrepreneur’s profit thus defined is, as it should be, the quantity which he endeavours to maximise when he is deciding what amount, of employment to offer.

このように定義された企業家の利益は、当然だが、かれが雇用の量を決めて最大化しようとするものの量のことである。

It is sometimes convenient, when we are looking at it from the entrepreneur’s standpoint, to call the aggregate income (i.e. factor cost plus profit) resulting from a given amount of employment the proceeds of that employment.

企業家の立場から見た場合次のように呼ぶと便利だ。与えられた雇用の量の結果としての総計収入（要素コスト＋利益）のことを雇用の収益と呼ぶと。

On the other hand, the aggregate supply price[2] of the output of a given amount of employment is the expectation of proceeds which will just make it worth the while of the entrepreneurs to give that employment.[3]

一方で、与えられた雇用量の産出の総計供給価格は収益の期待である。これによって企業家は雇用を与えるに値するものと考えるのだ。

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1. A precise definition of user cost will be given in Chapter 6.

1.ユーザコストの正確な定義は６章で行う。

2. Not to be confused (vide infra) with the supply price of a unit of output in the ordinary sense of this term.

2.産出の単位の供給価格を日常的感覚の言葉を混同しないように（下を見ろ）

3. The reader will observe that I am deducting the user cost both from the proceeds and from the aggregate supply price of a given volume of output, so that both these terms are to be interpreted net of user cost;

 

whereas the aggregate sums paid by the purchasers are, of course, gross of user cost. The reasons why this is convenient will be given in Chapter 6. The essential point is that the aggregate proceeds and aggregate supply price net of user cost can be defined uniquely and unambiguously; whereas, since user cost is obviously dependent both on the degree of integration of industry and on the extent to which entrepreneurs buy from one another, there can be no definition of the aggregate sums paid by purchasers, inclusive of user cost, which is independent of these factors. There is a similar difficulty even in defining supply price in the ordinary sense for an individual producer; and in the case of the aggregate supply price of output as a whole serious difficulties of duplication are involved, which have not always been faced. If the term is to be interpreted gross of user cost, they can only be overcome by making special assumptions relating to the integration of entrepreneurs in groups according as they produce consumption-goods or capital-goods which are obscure and complicated in themselves and do not correspond to the facts. If, however, aggregate supply price is defined as above net of user cost, thew difficulties do not arise. The reader is advised, however, to await the fuller discussion in Chapter 6 and its appendix.